Chromatic symphony of fleshy fruits: functions, biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds

Hu, Huimin; Pradhan, Nirakar; Xiao, Jianbo; Xia, Rui; Liao, Pan

doi:10.1186/s43897-024-00142-y

Molecular Horticulture

Table 1 The contents of major antioxidant phytochemicals of selected fruits

From: Chromatic symphony of fleshy fruits: functions, biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds

Flesh color	Species	Total phenolic content	Total flavonoid content	Total anthocyanidin content	Antioxidant activity	References
Red	Cherry tomato	1850.2^a	1691.8^a	High in purple cherry tomato	High	(Bhandari et al. 2016)
	Strawberry	200–400^b	100–200^c	0.17–0.22^d	High	(ParraPalma et al. 2020; Wolfe et al. 2008)
	Red dragon fruit	390^e	-	-	High	(Chen et al. 2021)
	Blood orange	High	682.95^f	101.06^g	High	(FornerGiner et al. 2023)
	Watermelon	390–740^h	270–360ⁱ	15.93–54.16^j	High	(Bazié et al. 2022)
Orange/yellow	Lemon	349^k	146^l	-	High	(Dong et al. 2019)
	Mandarin	12.79- 48.71^m	2.08–7.57ⁿ	-	High	(Singh et al. 2021)
	Yellow-fleshed kiwifruit	674^o	15–50^p	-	High	(Li et al. 2018; Yuan et al. 2023)
Green	Green-fleshed Kiwifruit	529^q	40–80^r	-	High	(Li et al. 2018; Yuan et al. 2023)
Green	Avocado	410.2^s	21.9^t	-	High	(Vinha et al. 2013; Wolfe et al. 2008)
White	Lychee	1.84^u	0.49^u	0.75^u	High	(Xie et al. 2022)
White	White strawberry	145.8–262.1^v	-	1.59–7.86^w	High	(Noriega et al. 2021)
Blue-black	Blueberry	319.3^x	-	131.2^x	High	(Wang et al. 2008; Wolfe et al. 2008)
Blue-black	Blackcurrant	26.2^y	24.43^z	3.68^aa	High	(Blejan et al. 2023; Wolfe et al. 2008)

'-' indicates that it was not mentioned in the research
^aMean values were expressed in mg kg⁻¹ on a dry weight basis of commercial cultivars
^bMean values were expressed in mg GAE/100 g on a fresh weight basis of three different strawberry cultivars from western Portugal region. Quantification was performed based on a standard curve of gallic acid. GAE, gallic acid equivalent
^cMean values were expressed in mg QE/100 g on a fresh weight basis of three different strawberry cultivars from western Portugal region
^dMean values were expressed in g/kg Cy3G on a fresh weight basis of three different strawberry cultivars from western Portugal region. Cy3G, cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent
^eMean values were expressed in mg GAE/100 g of red dragon fruit pulp. Quantification was performed based on a standard curve of gallic acid
^fMean values were expressed in mg/L on the juice of blood oranges varieties ‘Moro’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) cv. Moro)
^gMean values were expressed in mg/L on the juice of blood oranges varieties ‘Sanguinelli’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) cv. Sanguinelli)
^hMean values were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE) per 100 g of dry matter among five watermelon cultivars
ⁱMean values were expressed as mg quercetin equivalent (mg QE) per 100 g of dry matter among five watermelon cultivars
^jMean values were expressed as mg CE/g. CE, cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent
^kMean values were expressed in mg GAE/100 g on a fresh weight basis of Eureka lemon fruits (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.)
^lMean values were expressed in mg RE/100 g on a fresh weight basis of Eureka lemon fruits (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.). RE, rutin equivalent
^mMean values were expressed in mg GAE/100 g on a fresh weight basis on pulp of Kinnow and W. Murcott mandarins
ⁿMean values were expressed in mg RE/100 g on a fresh weight basis on pulp of Kinnow and W. Murcott mandarins
^oTotal phenolic content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE) per 100 g of dry matter of Xuxiang (A.chinensis var. deliciosa)
^pTotal flavonoid content was expressed as mg quercetin equivalent (mg QE) per 100 g of dry matter among six yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars
^qTotal phenolic content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE) per 100 g of dry matter of Jinyuan (A.eriantha × A.chinensis)
^rTotal flavonoid content was expressed as mg quercetin equivalent (mg QE) per 100 g of dry matter among six green-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars
^sMean values were expressed in mg GAE/100 g on a fresh weight basis of avocado fruit
^tThe flavonoid content was expressed in milligrams per 100 g of fresh weight
^uMean values were expressed in mg/g of litchi (L. chinensis Sonn.) of the “Feizixiao” variety
^vMean values were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of fresh fruits (mg GAE/100 g FW)
^wMean values were expressed as mg equivalents per 100 g of fresh fruits (mg Eq 100 g⁻¹ FW)
^xMean values were expressed in mg/100 g on a fresh weight basis of organically cultured fruit
^yMean values were expressed as mg GAE per 100 g dry pomace sample
^zMean values were expressed as mg of QE per gram of dry pomace
^aaMean values were expressed as milligrams of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (CGE) per gram of dry pomace

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