Fig. 3

Carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. MEP, plastidial 2-C-methy1-D-erythrito1-4-phosphate pathway; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; IPI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GGPPS, GGPP synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LCYE, lycopene ε-cyclase; LCYB, lycopene β-cyclase; CYP, Cytochrome P450 enzymes; CHYB, β-carotene hydroxylase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; NXS, neoxanthin synthase; sZmPSY1, Zea mays PSY1; sPaCrtI, Pantoea ananatis (formerly named Erwinia uredovora) CrtI; sCrBKT, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii BKT; sHpBHY, Haematococcus pluvialis BHY. Multi-arrows represent multi-step reactions. The carotenoids are segregated into distinct groups by rectangles