Fig. 2

Population structure and geographic distribution of the 384 accessions of Cerasus subgenus germplasm. A Geographic locations and fruit phenotypes of representative varieties from 384 Cerasus accessions. The size of each pie chart represents the sample size. The fruit images of P. cerasoides, P. fruticosa, and P. × gondouinii were sourced from external references. P. cerasoides fruit image adapted from Gao Xinxin, sourced from https://ppbc.iplant.cn/tu/2594155; P. fruticosa fruit image adapted from Gao Xiaohui, sourced from https://ppbc.iplant.cn/tu/653724; P. × gondouinii fruit image adapted from the article "Analysis of agromorphological between duke cherry (P. × gondouinii (Poit. & Turpin) Rehd.) and its progenitors: sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)". B Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree for 384 accessions based on SNPs. Four P. persica accessions were used as the outgroup species. C Model-based clustering analysis with different cluster numbers (k = 2–6). The y-axis quantifies cluster membership, and the x-axis lists the different accessions. The orders and positions of these accessions on the x-axis are consistent with those presented in the tree. D Principal component analysis of the first two components of the 384 accessions. E Histogram of species distribution of the accessions in each group